Complete Guide on Building Your Own PC (Part 1 - Components)

The range of options can be confusing, so this guide will clear up everything around about CPU, GPU and RAM when building your own PC

Building a PC is not complex, nor should it be confusing. You need to ask only three key questions, and the answers will determine the types of components chosen.

1. What are you going to use this new computer for? Gaming, Media (viewing or production), Browsing the Web / Office work?
2. What is your budget?
3. Intel or AMD?

What Components Do I Need To Build a PC?

Before answering these questions, let's look at a shopping list of components you will need.

The Motherboard, also known as the main board, is the large circuit board that everything plugs into. Different sizes and configurations exist, but they all do the same basic job.

The CPU or Central Processing Unit is a special computer chip that performs complex mathematical operations. It acts as the "brain" of the computer.

The video card, or GPU (Graphics Processing Unit), is used to display content onto a screen. GPUs are a key component in gaming and media PCs, and getting one with good specs is important. For an office PC, this is less important.

RAM (Random Access Memory) or just memory, allows the computer to store data ready for the CPU to work with. When you run a program or game, it is loaded into the memory to run on the CPU. Anything in the memory is removed when you turn off or reboot the computer. Sometimes, the memory can get corrupted, and programs stop working. This is why turning it off and back on fixes most problems as the information is reloaded back into memory.

A Hard Drive, or more recently SSD, is a secondary storage device far slower than RAM, but it does not lose data when its turned off. Secondary storage is far cheaper than memory so that you can have a lot more of it and can be used to store information indefinitely.

A Power Supply Unit (PSU) is used to convert 240v/110v AC mains electricity into 12v and 5v DC electricity which the components run off.

The final thing to consider is the case. Everything screws into the case and offers protection to the components.

Questions To Ask When Building a Computer

Now we know the components, the most important question to ask yourself is, what will you use this computer for? Components for an office PC will be the cheapest as you do not need the high performance, fastest processor or huge amounts of RAM, but that is about all the computer can perform - you won't be able to play many games on it. A gaming PC, on the other hand, will be the most expensive, using top-of-the-range components, and it will also be able to produce media and do office work.

The next question is about your budget. How much can you afford to spend on this new computer?

While building yourself is generally cheaper than getting an off-the-shelf or professional build, there is plenty of scope for specification creep. This is when you aim to spend £50 on memory, but for an extra £10 you get two extra GB of RAM, the same for the other components.

In general, a computer should last between 5-10 years. My current gaming PC I built in 2010, and it's still going strong. Spending a little extra, or leaving room for upgrades, costs a little more upfront. However, the life of the computer will be extended, it'll be cheaper in the long run, and electronic waste will be reduced, meaning it's better for the environment.

So, if you want a computer with 8GB of RAM and 4 RAM slots, opt for 2x4GB sticks rather than 4x2GB. While the 2GB sticks are cheaper, buying the 4GB sticks leaves two free slots for future upgrades when more funds are available or if you need more RAM.

Choosing Components for What You Need

I aim to buy the highest specification at the time, which is way beyond current gaming requirements, knowing it'll last a long time. As games advance, they slowly catch up to the computer specification. My 2010 build can still play most games on the highest settings, although it's starting to suffer on some of the most modern ones. Another way of thinking is to buy components to match a specification for today's games. Spending upfront will be less, but as newer games are released, you could notice quickly that the computer cannot cope, so you can spend a little at a time and upgrade to extra RAM or a new GPU in a year or two or when more funds become available.

Choosing a CPU

The last question asked above doesn't seem important, but it does drive the choice of the motherboard, CPU, and the other components to a lesser extent. There are two main CPU manufacturers for desktop PCs - Intel and AMD. Both produce excellent CPUs and today, the main deciding factor between them is price. Intel is generally a lot more expensive than a comparable AMD processor. You can go with whatever your budget allows. I have always gone for AMD and have done it for at least the last 20 years. When choosing a CPU, the main things to compare are the number of cores and the core speed. These are usually stated as 3.2 GHz (clock speed = 3.2 GHz - 3.2 billion operations per second), and the number of cores is stated as Quad Core (4 cores) or just six cores.

Choosing a Motherboard

Motherboards have a socket for the CPU, so when you look at a CPU specification, it will also state the socket. For example, my AMD CPU is an AM3+ socket. An Intel chip may use an LGA-1366. When looking for a motherboard, choose one that supports the CPU.

The other thing to consider when choosing a motherboard is its form factor: shape, size, and location of connectors. The most common form factor is ATX, the standard for desktop cases. Other form factors include Micro ATX and Mini/Nano/Pico. These are smaller and smaller boards used in small cases and media centre PCs.

Choosing a Graphics Card

As with CPUs, graphics cards come from two main manufacturers - nVidia and ATI. While you can use any graphics card with any CPU, ATI is owned by AMD and the components are theoretically optimized to work together. I always go to AMD and ATI. You don't necessarily need to go for the most expensive and fastest card if your budget doesn't allow it. The GPU is the easiest component to upgrade down the line.

Some graphics cards use a dual back plate, which allows for extra cooling, so check that the case has enough free expansion ports.

Choosing RAM

After the CPU and the GPU, the RAM is the third most important factor in the overall performance of a build. There are a few things to consider when deciding what RAM to opt for. First is the DDR version; this must match the motherboard specification. The motherboard specification will clearly state what RAM it supports, such as DDR3 or DDR4 and the number of slots. RAM is always paired, and motherboards typically have 2 or 4 slots. You must fill slots in multiples of 2; you cannot put three sticks of RAM in.

The next consideration is how much RAM you need. The quick answer is as much as you can afford, typically 8GB - 16GB. Gaming and video production (editing) use more RAM, so buy 32GB if possible. A computer for office work will generally be OK with 8GB. A media centre PC will transcode and stream, aiming for around 16GB.

RAM is sold in packs of matching RAM sticks, so buying 8GB of RAM will say 2x4GB, which is two 4GB sticks. If you are building a gaming PC and want 32GB RAM but the budget won't stretch, go for 2x8GB, which will give you 16GB RAM and two free slots. You can buy another 16GB when the budget allows it. Just remember to get the same specifications.

The speed of the memory you purchase or add to your computer is measured in megahertz. Most computers have 1600 MHz or 2133MHz memory capacity, which efficiently handles modern computer applications. Check the motherboard specifications for what frequency is supported and get the fastest.

Choosing Storage

A hard drive or SSD is a key component in your build, but how much do you need? A basic office computer with around 500GB hard drive should be enough, but for gaming and media centres, you need as much as you can get your hands on, and for gaming, you need it to be as fast as possible.

SSD is the fastest type of storage but also the most expensive. For a 256GB SSD, you can buy a 2TB hard drive, approximately eight times more storage. Prices are correct at the time of writing, and SSD prices come down all the time.

I'd recommend hard drives at 10k RPM speed for media centre PCs and video production, and office computers can make do with 7200 RPM. Gaming, I'd go for a 1TB SSD. Yes, it costs a lot, but the speed improvement is noticeable. Games load faster and improve overall performance as things like textures are loaded dynamically from the SSD.

Another option for all but office PC users is to get two storage devices. I've used this method many times before. You need to get a smaller high-speed SSD, 256GB-512GB, which will be the drive you install Windows and programs onto, then you get a second hard drive, a high capacity, say 2TB, onto which you can install games and store all your data. This option is cheaper than a single large SSD, and you get a lot more storage space for your money.

Choosing a Power Supply Unit (PSU)

Power Supply Units are often overlooked during a build, but they are crucial, and choosing the wrong one will leave you with a system that does not work at all, or it will crash and be unreliable. It is also crucial to get a good make as cheaper makes use lower quality parts and either fail to deliver the required power or fail. It's worth spending extra to get a quality PSU.

What Spec PSU do I need? This question depends on the specifications of the parts you decide on. Generally, the GPU will state the minimum advised power supply and the connectors it needs in the specifications or system requirements. This value is given in watts (W), for example, 500W. High-end gaming systems can go upwards of 1000W or more. The CPU will also state a system requirement for the power supply.

Power supplies are generally listed in 250W increments, such as 250W, 500W, 750W, and 1000W. There are exceptions to this - 300W and 800W. I usually take the recommended specification from the graphics card, say 500W, and go one or two steps up to 800W. If the recommended were 800W, I'd go for 1000W. This is because running components at 100% of their capacity is never a good idea.

These are a lot of watts, I hear you say. This is the peak power it can deliver; it's not the amount of power used all the time. Typically (when writing anyway), a desktop computer sitting idle will draw between 200W and 300W. When you play games, this could rise to 600W or more if you have dual graphics cards.

Why is a good PSU so important? Just because a power supply is quoted as 500W doesn't mean it can deliver 500W or provide "clean" electricity. Cheaper PSUs use cheap capacitors that cannot hold a charge or don't supply the current well. As a result, you end up with noise, fluctuations, dips and spikes in the electricity supply, which is not good for the sensitive electrical components you just bought. At best, a cheap power supply will be unreliable and crash under load. At worst, a spike will damage components or fail. Pay the extra for a good make from a reputable supplier. It's worth it in the long run. Trust me, I have been there.

Choosing a Case

The choice of case is primarily down to personal aesthetics and preference. The case should be large enough to contain the components and support your chosen motherboard form factor. It's worth checking the GPU requirement to ensure enough clearance for the card. However, this generally isn't an issue with standard ATX cases but could be for smaller micro cases.

There are hundreds of designs, shapes and colours to choose from, so look around and choose one you like the look of.

Cooling Options

The final thing to think about is cooling. Computers generate heat, and we must eliminate it before it overheats and breaks. Three main things need cooling, and three main ways of cooling them.

The first thing we need to cool is the CPU. Generally, when you buy a CPU, it comes with a heatsink and fan and is perfectly fine for normal use, as well as an office PC. I'd leave it like this. There are several upgrades to cooling, which affect not only the cooling efficiency but also the noise generated by the fans.

The second component that needs cooling is the graphics card. All those games are going to generate a lot of heat. Again, GPUs come with heatsink and fans already attached, and generally, they work well, albeit rather loudly!

Thirdly, we need to cool the case because the GPU and CPU heatsinks and fans have taken the heat from the chips to the air, which is in the case. The case will get hotter and hotter, the heatsinks won't be able to cool down, and you'll overheat. Case cooling usually consists of two fans - one at the front to draw cold air in and one at the back to vent the hot air. Your case may come with these that are already fitted. If not, they are only a few pounds/dollars to buy.

For most users, an upgrade to the CPU cooling with an aftermarket heatsink and the fan is a good cost-effective way to improve cooling without spending a lot of money. If you choose an upgraded heatsink, it's worth getting a tube of the thermal compound - Artic Silver, for example, as this is far better than the "pad" that comes with it.

For gaming and high-performance computers, "air cooling", as described above, isn't enough to keep cool, and it doesn't look cool either, so another option is water cooling. This is highly efficient and nearly silent but does cost more. You can read more about water cooling in the article below.

Parts You (may) Need To Buy

Depending on what you already have around to use, you may not need all of these; make sure you either have each item or you buy it.

• CPU
• Motherboard
• RAM
• Storage Drive(s)
• Graphics Card
• Power Supply
• Case
• Fans for case (if not included)
• Keyboard & Mouse
• Monitor
• Western Digital Raptor 500GB

Putting it All Together

Now that you've selected and bought all the parts, it's time to put them together. I will continue the computer building in the next article.